25 list of terms for unit 3
1. General Francisco Franco: lived from December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975 and is known for being the longest ruling dictator in European history. Franco was a Spanish military leader and statesman, who was the dictator of Spain, and led the Nationalists to victory during the civil war.
2. Falange: was the Fascist movement founded in Spain in 1933 during Francisco Franco’s time in rule.
3. The International Brigades: were military units made up of anti-fascist volunteers from different countries. Between 1936 and 1939, they would travel to Spain and fight for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War.
4. Guernica: is a town in north-central Spain that was bombed and destroyed by German planes April 1937 during the civil war. This bombing also inspired a very famous painting by Picasso.
5. Stresa Front: was an agreement made in 1935 between France, Britain and Italy in Stresa, Italy, to oppose Hitler’s intentions of rearming Germany.
6. Greater East Asian Co-Pros. Sphere: was a concept formulated for occupied Asian populations by the government of Japan, promoting the cultural and economic unity of Eastern Asians in 1940.
7. Lebensraum: was the territory believed needed for a nation's natural development, and was the basic principle of the Nazi foreign policy.
8. Appeasement: The act of Appeasing or satisfying great demands; to win an enemy over by displaying a willingness to be just and fair, like when Chamberlain tried to appease Hitler at Munich September 30,1938.
9. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland: took place March 7, 1936 when German forces entered Rhineland, violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties, marking the first time since the end of World War I that German troops had been in this region.
10. Sudetenland: region of the northern Czech Republic, was occupied by the Nazis in September 1938 and was reclaimed by Czechoslovakia in 1945.
11. Edvard Benes: lived May 28, 1884 – September 3, 1948 and was leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia.
12. Neville Chamberlain: lived from 1869-1940, led Britain through the first 8 months of ww2, and was a British Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the U.K. from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and for signing the Munich Agreement which conceded the Sudetenland region to Germany.
13. Munich Conference: Settlement reached by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in 1938 allowing Germany to occupy Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland.
14. The Nazi-Soviet Pact: was a Treaty in which Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union pledged friendship and cooperation as well as a non-aggression agreement against each other in 1939. It ultimately lead to Stalin’s defeat when the war began between the Soviet union and Nazi Germany in 1941.
15. Blitzkrieg: was a battle tactic used by the German Luftwaffe throughout ww2, and it was swift, sudden attack system from the air.
16. Panzer: a specialized German tank use frequently throughout ww2.
17. Luftwaffe: was the German air force during ww2, which was known for its swift and deadly use of Blitzkrieg air attacks.
18. Phony War: was a period in ww2 where was a lack of military operations by the Allies against Germany. In 1939 War was declared by both sides but the Allies lacked commitment to making any significant offenses.
19. Dunkirk: was a major battled during ww2 between the Allies and Germany, where the British and Allied forces were evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk from 26 May to 4 June 1940.
20. Charles De Gaulle: lived November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970, and was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during ww2.
21. Vichy France: was France during the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, during World War II from the time the German victory in the battle of France in July 1940 to the Allied liberation in August 1944.
22. Collaborators: one who would work with an enemy occupier against one's own country.
23. Battle of Britain: in 1940 was the air campaign battle between the German Luftwaffe and the UK during the Second World War. The objective was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force.
24. Operation Sealion: was Nazi Germany's plan to invade the UK during ww2. However for the plan to have success the Germans would have needed air and naval control over the English Chanel, therefor the operation was postponed in 1940 and then never carried out.
25. Spitfire: is a British single-seat high performance fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied forces throughout ww2. It was successful and was continued to be used in the 1950s.
1. General Francisco Franco: lived from December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975 and is known for being the longest ruling dictator in European history. Franco was a Spanish military leader and statesman, who was the dictator of Spain, and led the Nationalists to victory during the civil war.
2. Falange: was the Fascist movement founded in Spain in 1933 during Francisco Franco’s time in rule.
3. The International Brigades: were military units made up of anti-fascist volunteers from different countries. Between 1936 and 1939, they would travel to Spain and fight for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War.
4. Guernica: is a town in north-central Spain that was bombed and destroyed by German planes April 1937 during the civil war. This bombing also inspired a very famous painting by Picasso.
5. Stresa Front: was an agreement made in 1935 between France, Britain and Italy in Stresa, Italy, to oppose Hitler’s intentions of rearming Germany.
6. Greater East Asian Co-Pros. Sphere: was a concept formulated for occupied Asian populations by the government of Japan, promoting the cultural and economic unity of Eastern Asians in 1940.
7. Lebensraum: was the territory believed needed for a nation's natural development, and was the basic principle of the Nazi foreign policy.
8. Appeasement: The act of Appeasing or satisfying great demands; to win an enemy over by displaying a willingness to be just and fair, like when Chamberlain tried to appease Hitler at Munich September 30,1938.
9. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland: took place March 7, 1936 when German forces entered Rhineland, violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties, marking the first time since the end of World War I that German troops had been in this region.
10. Sudetenland: region of the northern Czech Republic, was occupied by the Nazis in September 1938 and was reclaimed by Czechoslovakia in 1945.
11. Edvard Benes: lived May 28, 1884 – September 3, 1948 and was leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia.
12. Neville Chamberlain: lived from 1869-1940, led Britain through the first 8 months of ww2, and was a British Conservative politician who was Prime Minister of the U.K. from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and for signing the Munich Agreement which conceded the Sudetenland region to Germany.
13. Munich Conference: Settlement reached by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy in 1938 allowing Germany to occupy Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland.
14. The Nazi-Soviet Pact: was a Treaty in which Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union pledged friendship and cooperation as well as a non-aggression agreement against each other in 1939. It ultimately lead to Stalin’s defeat when the war began between the Soviet union and Nazi Germany in 1941.
15. Blitzkrieg: was a battle tactic used by the German Luftwaffe throughout ww2, and it was swift, sudden attack system from the air.
16. Panzer: a specialized German tank use frequently throughout ww2.
17. Luftwaffe: was the German air force during ww2, which was known for its swift and deadly use of Blitzkrieg air attacks.
18. Phony War: was a period in ww2 where was a lack of military operations by the Allies against Germany. In 1939 War was declared by both sides but the Allies lacked commitment to making any significant offenses.
19. Dunkirk: was a major battled during ww2 between the Allies and Germany, where the British and Allied forces were evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk from 26 May to 4 June 1940.
20. Charles De Gaulle: lived November 22, 1890 – November 9, 1970, and was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during ww2.
21. Vichy France: was France during the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, during World War II from the time the German victory in the battle of France in July 1940 to the Allied liberation in August 1944.
22. Collaborators: one who would work with an enemy occupier against one's own country.
23. Battle of Britain: in 1940 was the air campaign battle between the German Luftwaffe and the UK during the Second World War. The objective was to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force.
24. Operation Sealion: was Nazi Germany's plan to invade the UK during ww2. However for the plan to have success the Germans would have needed air and naval control over the English Chanel, therefor the operation was postponed in 1940 and then never carried out.
25. Spitfire: is a British single-seat high performance fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied forces throughout ww2. It was successful and was continued to be used in the 1950s.
1. People loyal and devoted to their country believe in Nationalism
2. Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power through force
3. Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany by the Allied powers, after WW1 demanded reparations from the Germans
4. Idealism is unrealistically wanting to approach and deal with a situation, where Realism is dealing with a situation accordingly and realistically.
5. The Fourteen Points were outlined in Woodrow Wilson's speech for post war peace settlement.
6. Self-determination is passion to achieve ones own fate.
7. The War Guilt Clause stated that Germany was resposinble for the post WW1 damage and had to pay for the reparations.
8. W.C.T.U was a womans group that campaigned for the prohibiton of alcohol.
9. The League of Nations is an association among counrties promoting interational cooperation and peace.
10. Collective Security is a system for international peace.
11. Woodrow Wilson was president of the U.S. and led them in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations.
12. Economic Sanctions are restrictions upon international trade that one counrty imposes on another.
13. The Hoare-Laval Plan was a Secret plan to offer Benito Mussolini most of Ethiopia in return for a truce in the Italo-Ethiopian War
14. The Locarno Pact was a a series of treaties, between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
15. Kellogg-Briand Pact was a General Treaty for the Renunciation of War.
16. Washington Conference was held in Washington, D.C. 1921-1922 to limit the naval arms race and negotiate Pacific security agreements.
17. The Bourgeoisie is the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth.Synonyms, also known as the middle class.
18. Proletariats are known as the lowest working class people.
19. Exploitation is the the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or useful.
20. Dictatorship ofthe Proletariat is the socialist sate where the working class has control over political power.
21. Cadet is a student training at a military school.
22. Bolshevik is a member of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party; a Communist.
23. Menshevik is a member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
24. October Manifesto was a Document issued by Tsar that was in response to the Russian Revolution.
25. Fundamental Laws are laws determining the fundamental political principles of a government.
26. Duma is A legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former USSR.
27. Provisional Government is a temporary government.
28. V.I Lenin was Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR, believed in marxism.
29. Joseph Stalin was a soviet politician general secretary of the Communist Party. His rule was known for the purges, forceful collectivization and industrial pollicies and his devastating role for the soviets in WWII.
30. Leon Trotsky was a Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; ousted by Stalin.
31. "Peace, Land, Bread" was was a promise that was given to the Russian people by communists.
32. April Thesis was a program that called for Soviet control of state power; Lenin advocated seizing power from the Provisional Government, withdrawing from World War I, and distributing land among the peasantry.
33. Soviet is an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR.
34. Alexander Kerensky was a Russian revolutionary who was appointed the head of government but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.
35. General Kornilov was Imperial Russian general, who was accused of attempting to overthrow the provisional government after the February Revolution and to replace it with a military dictatorship.
36. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was separate peace treaty in World War I, signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers.
37. War Communism is the Soviet economic policy applied by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War; its measures caused a decline in industrial output, agricultural production, and labour productivity.
38. The Russian Civil War occured between the Reds bolshevicks and the White anti-blosheviks.
39. Reds/ Whites; The whites were anti-Bolshevik supporters of the former Tsarist government, where the Reds were Bolsheviks.
40. Allied Intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War.
41. Lenin's New Economic Policy was a more capitalism- oriented policy imposed after the Civil War to raise the economy of the country.
42. Comintern was the third International communist organization .
43. Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement between Germany and Russia where both renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other.
44. "Guns or Butter" is an example of production possibility curves, and compairs between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods.
45. Command Economy is where production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
46. Collectivization is the organization of a nation or economy based on collectivism (where property and resources are owned by a community not individuals.)
47. Kolkhoz is a collective farm in the former USSR.
48. Kulak is a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor.
49. The Five Year Plan is a series of of economic development initiatives.
50. Gulags are a Russian prison camp for political prisoners.
51. The Purges were when Stalin removed any peasant farmers or anyone he considered a threat to his power; killing millions of kulaks.
52. Gustav Stresemann was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor durring the Weimar Republic; he was the dominant figure of the German People's Party.
2. Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power through force
3. Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany by the Allied powers, after WW1 demanded reparations from the Germans
4. Idealism is unrealistically wanting to approach and deal with a situation, where Realism is dealing with a situation accordingly and realistically.
5. The Fourteen Points were outlined in Woodrow Wilson's speech for post war peace settlement.
6. Self-determination is passion to achieve ones own fate.
7. The War Guilt Clause stated that Germany was resposinble for the post WW1 damage and had to pay for the reparations.
8. W.C.T.U was a womans group that campaigned for the prohibiton of alcohol.
9. The League of Nations is an association among counrties promoting interational cooperation and peace.
10. Collective Security is a system for international peace.
11. Woodrow Wilson was president of the U.S. and led them in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations.
12. Economic Sanctions are restrictions upon international trade that one counrty imposes on another.
13. The Hoare-Laval Plan was a Secret plan to offer Benito Mussolini most of Ethiopia in return for a truce in the Italo-Ethiopian War
14. The Locarno Pact was a a series of treaties, between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
15. Kellogg-Briand Pact was a General Treaty for the Renunciation of War.
16. Washington Conference was held in Washington, D.C. 1921-1922 to limit the naval arms race and negotiate Pacific security agreements.
17. The Bourgeoisie is the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth.Synonyms, also known as the middle class.
18. Proletariats are known as the lowest working class people.
19. Exploitation is the the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or useful.
20. Dictatorship ofthe Proletariat is the socialist sate where the working class has control over political power.
21. Cadet is a student training at a military school.
22. Bolshevik is a member of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party; a Communist.
23. Menshevik is a member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
24. October Manifesto was a Document issued by Tsar that was in response to the Russian Revolution.
25. Fundamental Laws are laws determining the fundamental political principles of a government.
26. Duma is A legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former USSR.
27. Provisional Government is a temporary government.
28. V.I Lenin was Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR, believed in marxism.
29. Joseph Stalin was a soviet politician general secretary of the Communist Party. His rule was known for the purges, forceful collectivization and industrial pollicies and his devastating role for the soviets in WWII.
30. Leon Trotsky was a Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; ousted by Stalin.
31. "Peace, Land, Bread" was was a promise that was given to the Russian people by communists.
32. April Thesis was a program that called for Soviet control of state power; Lenin advocated seizing power from the Provisional Government, withdrawing from World War I, and distributing land among the peasantry.
33. Soviet is an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR.
34. Alexander Kerensky was a Russian revolutionary who was appointed the head of government but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.
35. General Kornilov was Imperial Russian general, who was accused of attempting to overthrow the provisional government after the February Revolution and to replace it with a military dictatorship.
36. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was separate peace treaty in World War I, signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers.
37. War Communism is the Soviet economic policy applied by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War; its measures caused a decline in industrial output, agricultural production, and labour productivity.
38. The Russian Civil War occured between the Reds bolshevicks and the White anti-blosheviks.
39. Reds/ Whites; The whites were anti-Bolshevik supporters of the former Tsarist government, where the Reds were Bolsheviks.
40. Allied Intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War.
41. Lenin's New Economic Policy was a more capitalism- oriented policy imposed after the Civil War to raise the economy of the country.
42. Comintern was the third International communist organization .
43. Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement between Germany and Russia where both renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other.
44. "Guns or Butter" is an example of production possibility curves, and compairs between a nation's investment in defense and civilian goods.
45. Command Economy is where production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
46. Collectivization is the organization of a nation or economy based on collectivism (where property and resources are owned by a community not individuals.)
47. Kolkhoz is a collective farm in the former USSR.
48. Kulak is a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor.
49. The Five Year Plan is a series of of economic development initiatives.
50. Gulags are a Russian prison camp for political prisoners.
51. The Purges were when Stalin removed any peasant farmers or anyone he considered a threat to his power; killing millions of kulaks.
52. Gustav Stresemann was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor durring the Weimar Republic; he was the dominant figure of the German People's Party.
Occupation of Ruhr
Occupation of Ruhr was between 1923 and 1925 and occurred in the Ruhr which was an industrial region in Western Gremany. Germany's government were unable to pay a portion of the 33 billion dollars it owed under its obligations signed in the Treaty of Versailles, therefore France forcibly occupied the Ruhr land and began to develop their owncoal mines. The coal extracted was then used to pay for reparations from WW1. Germany government responded by encouraging workers to follow a policy of passive resisitance where the workers would produce as little as possible. This decrease in production had major effect on the economic life of France and Germany. Tese events unltimatley led to the collapse of the German currency. The outcome was the occupation of the Ruhr finally ended with the agreements of the Dawes Plan.
Invasion of Manchuria
The invasion of Manchuria began on August 9, 1945 where the Soviet Union officially declared war on Japan . These events occured because japan was spreading and it was becoming a threat to the USSR. It ended when the Soviets suprised the Japanese with their invasion of Manchuria, an assult so strong( of the 850 Japanese soldiers involved at Pingyanchen, 650 were killed/wounded within the first two days of battle) that the Emperor Hirohito plead with his War Council to reconsider surrender. The recelcitrant members began to waver.
The Maginot Line
Frances Maginot line was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses that was built between 1930 and 1940. The Maginot Line was a system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. It was initially built to slow down the attacking enemy so the French had time to establish their army. The Line was very costly and was a main reason for the French Armed Forces being underfunded.
Invasion of Ethiopia
On 3 October 1935, Italian leader Benito Mussolini, ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia. The Italian Fascist government had established a policy of colonial expansion in northeast Africa. Therefore the Emperor of Ethiopia, reached out to the League of Nations for help to fight back against the Italians. Canada, Britain, and France refused to support military intervention to defend Ethiopian security. Resulting with no action taken to prevent the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, and the League of Nations demonstrated that it could not provide collective security for its member states.
The Formation of the League of Nations
First proposed by President Woodrow Wilson, The League of Nations took place in Geneva, Switzerland and was an intergovernmental organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference aiming to maintain world peace. The Leagues main goals were to prevent wars through collective security and disarmament, and settle international disputes with negotiation and arbitration. It began September 28, 1920 to February 23, 1946 and it had 58 members. The United States never joined the League. The league exploded many social issues around the world and a new created awareness that no other organizations had done before.
The Paris Peace Conferences
Paris Peace Conference took place in Paris, January 1919 and was an international meeting to establish the terms of the peace after World War 1 that concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Important diplomats involved developed a series of treaties for the post-war world. These treaties reshaped the map of Europe, and imposed war guilt and financial penalties on Germany. The conference discussed which of the Allied powers would administer territories formerly under German and Ottoman rule. Protection of minorities was discussed, but many nations were more interested in undermining others to make their own empires stronger. The League of Nations was established at the Conference, and unfortunately the final attempt to finalize peace among nations resulted in disputes leading up to World War 2.